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作者简介:

徐帅(1990—),男,江苏睢宁人,实验师,在读博士,研究方向为体质健康与促进。

通讯作者:

谌晓安(1974—),女,湖南张家界人,教授,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为青少年体质与健康促进。

中图分类号:G804.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1008-3596(2023)06-0082-08

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目录contents

    摘要

    久坐行为被认为是影响机体身心健康的先兆因素,久坐行为可引起抑郁症的发生发展。在久坐行为与抑郁症的相关性分析中,不同人群均存在久坐行为诱发抑郁的现象,且成人的久坐时长增加,罹患抑郁症的风险更高。在生物学机制中,久坐行为可诱导大脑功能障碍、神经营养因子紊乱以及肠道菌群紊乱,诱发抑郁症。体育活动的增加导致久坐行为的减少,将会对抑郁起到明显的改善作用,其机制为:体育活动可缓解精神压力,提高神经功能和肠道菌群功能,最终缓解抑郁症的发展。

    Abstract

    Sedentary behavior is considered to be a precursor factor affecting the physical and mental health of the body. Sedentary behavior can cause the occurrence and development of depression. In the correlation analysis between sedentary behavior and depression, the phenomenon of depression induced by sedentary behavior exists in different populations, and the risk of depression is higher in adults with increased sedentary time. In the biological mechanism, sedentary behavior can induce brain dysfunction, neurotrophic factor disorder and intestinal flora disorder, and induce depression. The increase in physical activity leads to a decrease in sedentary behavior, which will significantly improve depression. The mechanism is that physical activity can relieve mental stress, improve neurological function and intestinal flora function, and ultimately alleviate the development of depression.

  • 抑郁症已成为仅次于癌症的人类第二大 “杀手”,预计全球有3.5亿人罹患抑郁症。我国抑郁症患病率高达2.1% [1]。2020年国家卫生健康委发布 《探索抑郁症防治特色服务工作方案》,要求进一步加大对不同人群的干预力度,采取心理健康服务措施,积极有效预防抑郁症的发病率。久坐时长达8h/天以上即可直接影响机体情绪性变化,导致机体产生中度或极端焦虑情绪,甚至诱发抑郁症状[2]。首先,久坐行为直接表现在个体行为的社会参与严重缺失,心理压抑水平提高,抑郁风险增加[3]。其次,久坐行为导致机体生物学功能变化,表现在神经功能退化和肠道菌群代谢紊乱。体育活动可提高神经功能水平,提升机体认知水平和行为功能,改善抑郁症状。在体育活动与久坐人群的肠道菌群差异研究中,体育活动的女性肠道存在更多改善机体水平的菌类,而久坐女性肠道非健康性菌群居多[4]。久坐行为、体育活动与抑郁风险密切相关,进一步研究三者之间的相互关系,对了解抑郁症状具有潜在价值。本文将以久坐行为为切入点,探究久坐行为诱导抑郁的行为特性,以及机体功能紊乱导致的生物机能变化,旨在通过体育活动改善久坐行为,为运动改善抑郁提供新的研究视角。

  • 1 久坐行为诱发抑郁及体育活动干预的行为特征

  • 与缺乏体育活动相比,久坐行为被定义为一种坐立、躺卧姿势中机体代谢当量低于 1.5 METs的清醒状态。看电视、使用计算机和玩视频游戏等屏幕时间(screen time,ST)是最常见的久坐行为。 《2019中国职场久坐行为白皮书》数据显示,我国43%的上班族每天会坐满至少8h; 58.6% 的上班族一次性久坐时长超过1h,包括39.3%的上班族一次性久坐时长超过1.5h。世界卫生组织报告表明,全球约有14亿人口因缺乏体育活动而面临患病风险,全球性的久坐行为是机体缺乏体育活动的直接表现,久坐行为已被广泛认为是影响机体身心健康的先兆因素。有研究显示,人类久坐时长已占据人类清醒时长一半以上,成人每天工作中久坐时长达 6.6~10.0h [5],美国儿童青少年 ST超过2h/天的发生率高于80%,我国儿童青少年过长屏前静态行为的发生率已超过50%,并呈上升趋势[6]。在久坐行为与抑郁症相关研究的荟萃分析中,13项横断面研究表明久坐行为诱发抑郁风险高达 31%,11 项前瞻性研究显示久坐行为诱发抑郁风险高达 14% [7]。久坐时长在3h/天及以上即可显著增加机体罹患抑郁概率[8]。久坐行为取代青春期人群轻度体育活动,导致 18 岁以后的青少年罹患抑郁症状风险增加。对12、14 和 16 岁 3 个年龄段人群的研究显示,若多坐1h/天,当青少年至 18 岁时,其抑郁风险分别增加 11.1%、8%和10.5%; 若增加 1h/天的轻度体育活动,当青少年至 18 岁时,其抑郁风险分别降低 9.6%、7.8% 和 11.1%。换言之,在青春期增加体育活动、减少久坐行为可有效降低抑郁风险[9]。各年龄段不同群体均存在久坐行为诱发抑郁的现象(表1),而成人的久坐时长更长,罹患抑郁症的风险明显增加[310]

  • 表1 不同人群久坐行为与抑郁症的相关性研究

  • 久坐时长和缺乏体育活动与罹患孤独和抑郁密切相关,其中久坐行为诱发抑郁的关键在于个体社会参与的缺失,形成孤立型人格,更容易遭受自杀和抑郁困扰。对平均年龄在 14.2 岁的 100839名青少年分析发现,男孩从事较高水平的体育活动、女孩从事中等水平的体育活动可有效缓解社会孤立感[18]。体育活动水平高,其认知功能也相对提高,则有利于抑郁症状的缓解和控制[19]

  • 对25~55岁久坐女性进行为期5个月的运动和情绪化关联研究发现,体育活动引起个体活力增强和抑郁情绪下降,简明心境量表(profile of mood states,POMS)分析,体育活动使得久坐女性抑郁得分降低30%以上,紧张/焦虑得分降低15%~30% [20]。在进一步对久坐行为和日常生活中情绪之间的动态关系的研究中,对纳入的久坐女性进行8周干预,要求工作日最少进行 12 次短暂而频繁的休息(short frequent breaks,SFB),或至少进行2次休息,总计25 min以上的计划性休息(planned breaks,PB)。结果显示,休息行为有助于缓解久坐女性的抑郁情绪,其中SFB是有效策略[21]。对92名受试者进行为期 5 天的动态评估(ambulatory assessment,AA)研究发现,久坐时长可影响机体情绪变化; 为比较久坐行为与其他因素影响,计算出标准化β系数后,通过基本情绪维度———满意(valence,V)、精力唤醒(energetic arousal,EA)和冷静(calmness,C)共3个电子日志评估机体情绪随时间的波动,多层次建模分析发现,久坐时长对情绪和 EA 可产生负面影响[22-23]; 多元回归分析受试者间效应,发现较高的 V 水平和 EA 水平预测较低的久坐行为,而较高的 C水平预测较高的久坐行为(图1)。

  • 图1 久坐时长和体育活动对不同时间段内平均情绪的影响[22]

  • 2 久坐行为诱发抑郁症的体育活动调节机制

  • 久坐行为导致低落性情绪、应激反应、情绪障碍以及抑郁的发生[24]。在抑郁的病理生理学研究中,抑郁症发生主要涉及4个方面,即大脑功能障碍、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)、免疫系统和肠脑轴(gut-brain axis)[25]。换言之,久坐行为直接导致神经功能异常和肠道菌群代谢能力减弱,体育活动可有效调节久坐行为造成的机能代谢异常变化[26],调节由久坐行为诱发的抑郁症。

  • 2.1 久坐行为诱导神经功能紊乱的体育活动调节机制

  • 2.1.1 久坐行为诱导大脑功能障碍的体育活动调节机制

  • 久坐行为可引起血液循环减缓,导致大脑功能供血不足,易产生精神压抑,表现出体倦神疲、精神萎靡症状,诱导神经系统疾病发生[27]。在减缓或延迟神经退行性疾病发作干预中,可采取体育活动、适当睡眠或限制久坐行为。24h 的范式转变方法即基于时间有限性,必须从其他活动(睡眠和久坐行为)中抽出相当的时间进行体育活动[28]。与限制久坐行为相比,长期体育活动更有助于保持神经认知功能[29]。主要是由于限制久坐行为可维持大脑结构中灰质(gray matter,GM)体积、白质(white matter,WM)完整性和海马神经发生,促进脑内神经营养因子(neurotrophic factors,NFs)产生、保持 HPA 功能特性、调节激素释放,降低神经性炎症反应。MVPA 能够迅速提高认知能力,刺激增强学习和记忆力的相关分子机制,刺激脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)分泌。运动通过增加多巴胺(dopamine,DA)信号传导和血管生成影响纹状体。儿童阶段,较高水平有氧运动可形成更大的海马体积,同时注意力、干扰控制能力以及执行功能得到显著改善[30]。原地踏步行为代替久坐行为可提高小学生的反应速度、注意力以及反应的准确性[31]。同时,MVPA 水平与脑容量增加密切相关,运动人群的整体 GM 体积和 WM 体积比久坐人群的整体 GM 体积和 WM 体积大[32]

  • 2.1.2 久坐行为诱导神经营养因子紊乱的体育活动调节机制

  • 久坐行为可导致神经功能萎缩,NFs缺失是导致脑功能衰退及神经退行性疾病的重要因素[33],部分 NFs被视为抑郁症的外周标志物,对抑郁症具有显著的调节作用,包括 BDNF、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)等。除此之外,单胺类神经递质水平下降可导致抑郁,如 DA、5-羟色胺(5-hydroksytryptamine,5-HT)和去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)。体育活动可刺激儿茶酚胺、促肾上腺皮质激素、血管加压素、β-内啡肽、DA、5-HT 等激素释放增加以及特定受体活化和血液黏度下降,进而减轻抑郁症状[34]

  • BDNF是对运动最为敏感的 NFs之一[35],脑海马和皮质中 BDNF 抗抑郁效果与抗抑郁药选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs)的抗抑郁反应相似[36]。BDNF在抗抑郁中具有传感作用,BDNF与靶神经元上酪氨酸受体激酶 B(tyrosine receptor kinaseB,TrkB)结合激活下游信号通路,当 BDNF与 TrkB 受体结合时,引起 TrkB 受体磷酸化,从而激活磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)通路和磷脂酶-C(phospholipase C,PLC)通路。前者作用于 cAMP 反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)实现对细胞的控制,调节抑郁症的发生发展; 后者通过 PKC/ERK 信号传导和IP3/CAM/CAMK 信号传导,作用于 CREB 实现抑郁调节。整言之,大脑 BDNF 水平的增加在抗抑郁中发挥重要作用[37]。对8 名运动活跃和 8 名久坐女性进行 100%(最大)、60%(中等)和 40%(低)的峰值摄氧量运动测试,发现最大和中等运动测试后 BDNF水平即刻增加[38]。人体研究发现慢走时长增加会提高 BDNF 表达水平[39]。体育活动可增加 BDNF 表达水平,维持久坐行为老年人的大脑功能正常[40]

  • 严重抑郁症(major depressive disorder,MDD)患者 GDNF表达水平低下,且不同抑郁程度 GDNF表达存在显著性差异,抑郁越严重 GDNF表达水平越低[41]。GDNF 与 GDNF 家族受体 α1(GDNFfamily receptor alpha1,GFRA1)结合,再与酪氨酸激酶受体形成复合物,激活细胞内酪氨酸激酶和下游信号,发挥神经保护作用[42]。与久坐行为相比,C57BL/6J雄性小鼠运动6周后,提高了脑内 BDNF、GDNF 表达以及 CREB 磷酸化,旷场和高架十字迷宫中焦虑样行为减少,悬尾试验中抗抑郁效果提高。运动可增强神经可塑性,并有效改善抑郁行为[43]

  • 大脑分泌的IGF-1广泛分布于中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS),可调节情绪变化,刺激 BDNF 的合成与表达,共同调节神经活性和突触可塑性。脑组织中IGF-1可刺激海马体中祖细胞增殖[3544],IGF-1抗抑郁即与海马体细胞增殖有关[45],并通过激活 PI3K/AKT/ FOXO3a通路预防慢性不可预测的轻度压力(chronic unpredictable mild stress,CUMS)[46]。体育活动对脑功能认知和抗抑郁的调节作用与 IGF-1循环水平密切相关。运动可激活大鼠 GH/IGF-1轴,提高脑内IGF-1表达水平,其改善效果与全身注射IGF-1 效果相似[47]。VEGF 作为内皮细胞和神经元有效丝裂原和存活因子,介导突触传递,对抗抑郁至关重要。VEGF 与胎肝激酶-1(fetal liver kinase-1,Flk-1)和 Fms样酪氨酸激酶-1(fms-like tyrosine kinase-1,Flt-1)两种酪氨酸激酶结合,Flk-1 在啮齿动物海马、成熟神经元、神经元祖细胞和内皮细胞中表达最多。Flk-1激活 ERK 和 PI3K 信号通路,刺激细胞增殖和存活。而 Flt-1在内皮细胞和星形胶质细胞中表达[48]。同时,体育活动可通过 VEGF/Flk-1 信号传导治疗慢性应激小鼠抑郁[49]

  • 2.2 久坐行为诱导肠道菌群紊乱的体育活动调节机制

  • 哺乳动物肠道被称作为肠道大脑,肠道菌群是肠道大脑的关键组成部分,通过神经免疫、神经内分泌作用于机体大脑,形成肠脑轴,肠脑轴通过双向稳态交流途径调节大脑发育和行为[50-51]。在 MDD患者体内发现了更多的厚壁菌门、更少的拟杆菌门,更多的普雷沃氏菌属、克雷伯菌属、链球菌属和梭状芽孢杆菌属。研究指出,普雷沃氏菌和克雷伯菌的比例变化与汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression rating scale,HAMD)的评分变化一致[52],说明肠道微生物对大脑神经具有调节功能。肠道菌群影响 HPA 轴发育和成熟,通过血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)调节过程,影响神经功能以及髓鞘形成[25]。研究发现,应激事件是抑郁症的重要诱因,慢性应激会干扰肠道菌群,导致肠脑轴功能障碍,海马5-HT 和 BDNF mRNA 表达水平降低,血浆应激激素水平升高,肠道菌群异常,导致情绪低落,出现抑郁症状[25],而久坐行为会直接提高机体慢性应激。久坐行为还可导致胃肠道蠕动速度减缓,形成肠道菌群代谢异常从而影响肠脑轴,影响大脑代谢过程,诱发抑郁[53-54]。除此以外,肠道微生物通过生化功能产生神经递质,如乙酰胆碱、儿茶酚胺、γ-氨基丁酸、组胺、褪黑素和5-HT 等,经迷走神经影响脑内 CNS功能水平[55]。肠道微生物从色氨酸中产生神经活性代谢物,在5-HT、犬尿氨酸和吲哚类的代谢中起调节作用[56]。CNS功能受短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)影响。体育活动干预可有效改变肠道微生物中 SCFAs表达水平,促进肠道健康和发挥消炎作用[57-58]。肠道微生物群通过肠脑轴影响大脑功能和心理状态,肠道微生物群枯竭导致行为变化,并与病理变化有关,包括异常的应激反应和神经生成受损。SCFAs有助于 BDNF 上调,而肠道菌群失调导致 BDNF 水平下降,影响神经元的发育和突触可塑性。肠道通透性增加导致肠道微生物紊乱,由此产生系统性炎症导致 CNS 神经炎症[59]

  • 抑郁小鼠肠道菌群中乙酸、丙酸、戊酸、 NE、5-HIAA 和5-HT 水平显著降低[60],运动小鼠和久坐小鼠体内肠道微生物之间存在极大的差别,即运动能够有效缓解因久坐行为而导致的肠道菌群变化,预防抑郁发生。运动可有效调节肠道的通透性。运动能够有效改善应激导致的肠道通透性紊乱现象,减轻机体氧化应激,促进血液向肠道流动,提高肠道通透能力[61]。在肠脑轴的调节过程中,体育活动通过调节中枢/外周胃饥饿素、神经肽 Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)、胆囊收缩素(cholecystokinin,CCK)等脑肠肽的表达,影响单胺类神经递质、HPA 轴活性、神经营养因子表达和神经可塑性、细胞凋亡等,发挥抗抑郁效应[54]

  • 3 结束语

  • 久坐行为是个体进行社会生产活动和学习必不可少的行为方式,但该行为会诱发个体心理机能变化,可导致机体抑郁发生。同时,久坐行为导致机能状态退化和相关因素水平下降,一方面导致大脑形态、功能、神经可塑性等结构萎缩和功能退化,使得神经分泌能力下降,诱发抑郁症状; 另一方面导致肠道功能衰减,影响肠道菌群代谢功能,经肠脑轴的传递功能影响相关因子表达水平,诱发抑郁症状。体育活动干预效果,一是直接调节精神压力,预防抑郁症的发生; 二是通过生物学功能改善神经功能和肠道菌群,继而缓解抑郁症的发展。

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